Are Serial Killers Born Psychopaths or Pushed to that Limit - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1486 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Serial Killer Essay Did you like this example? I chose this topic because I have always found an interest in stories and documentaries about serial killers extremely interesting, some people refer to me as crazy or weird for my interest in world renowned serial killers such as Charles Manson, Ted Bundy, Jeffrey Dahmer, and so many more. I find myself wondering how could a person appear to be so normal and commit gruesome crimes? I wonder how their brain functions or what in their brains cause them to be Psychopaths? What is a Psychopath or Psychopathy? Psychopathy is a personality disorder defined by a constellation of affective and behavioral symptoms. These symptoms include a shallow effect: lack of empathy, guilt and remorse; irresponsibility; impulsivity; and poor planning and decision making. (Kiehl and Hoffman, 2011) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Are Serial Killers Born Psychopaths or Pushed to that Limit" essay for you Create order Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) was the founding father of modern Psychiatry, who was the first to describe a group pf patients affected with Mania sans Delire (Insanity without delirium) which describes individuals who had no intellectual problems but a profound deficit in behavior typified by marked cruelty, antisocial acts, alcohol and drug use, irresponsibility, and immorality. Pinel described a type of moral insanity that occurred in the absence of confusion in mind and intellect, differentiating these cases from patients with psychotic behaviors. People often confuse Psychosis and Psychopathy as the same thing as in which they are not. Psychosis is a loss of contact with reality like hallucinations, delusions and dis disordered thoughts. Psychosis presents itself in disorders like Schizophrenia bipolar disorder, and major depression. Psychotic symptoms are not typically observed in individuals with psychopathy. Actually, it was the absence of psychotic symptoms that originally differentiated individuals with psychopathy from other patient groups. Dr. Robert Hare created the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) in 1980 and revised it in 1991 (PCL-R) (Hare, 1991) The PCL-R comprises twenty items that are used to assess the presence of psychopathic traits in adults. The standard procedure to complete the PCL-R is comprised of two parts. The first part includes an extensive review of collateral sources of information reports about family, Education, extra-curricular activities, work history, relationships with family and friends The second part of the assessment is a detailed life history interview with the patient. The in-person interview is strongly recommended but not required to validly complete the Psychopathy Checklist provided there is sufficient collateral information on the patient. Thus, the Psychopathy Checklist can be completed even if the patient refuses to cooperate in the interview. Using all available information, the expert rates the patient on the 20 items according to very specific scoring criteria articulated in the PC L-R manual. The scores on the PCL-R range from 0 to 40. The average PCL-R score in the general male population is 4 out of 40. The mean PCL-R score in male prison samples is 22. A score of 30 or higher is considered a high score. Thirty is one-standard deviation above the mean score of prison samples and is the score typically used to signify high, or diagnostic, levels of the traits. Approximately 15-25% of incarcerated males will meet criteria for psychopathy, using 30 as the cut-off score. Psychopathic traits are less common in females than in males. However, within forensic samples, females show a similar distribution of psychopathic traits as men. The mean Psychopathy Checklist score for female offenders is 19 with a standard deviation of 7.5 (Hare, 2001). In addition to the PCL-R, Dr. Hare and collaborators also developed the PCL- SV (screening version) and PCL-YV (youth version) The PCL-SV is a shorter version of the PCL-R and is useful for assessing psychopathy in non-forensic populations. The PCL-YV is a twenty-item test specifically designed for the assessment of psychopathic traits in males and females between 12 and 18 years old (Neumann et al., 2006). However, the label psychopathy is not advisable in minor populations. Rather these latter traits are referred to as callous/unemotional traits in youth. These tests are often given to criminals before trial to determine whether they stand to fit trial or not. I personally believe if you kill someone out of anger, revenge, or pleasure you are a true Psychopath. We often find ourselves wondering How do you become a psychopath? Are we born with this or is it because of how we are raised? There has been a long tradition of research on psychopathy that has focused on the lack of sensitivity to punishment and a lack of fear, but those traits are not particularly good predictors of violence or criminal behavior, David Zald, associate professor of psychology and psychiatry and co-author of the study, said. This being said means that just because you have lack of sensitivity or fear doesnt make you a Psychopath some people have been through things that make them appear this way or causes them to be this way. With that being said not all psychopaths are criminals. Most psychopaths are manipulative, aggressive and impulsive but these features far from always lead to criminal activity. One of the best sources of information about whether traits are a result or nature of nurture comes from the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. The Minnesota Twin Study is a project originally led by Minnesota Professor of Psychology Thomas Joseph Bouchard, Jr. The study has shown that psychopathy is 60 percent heritable. This percentage indicates that psychopathic traits are due more to DNA than to upbringing. Recent genetic studies of twins indicate that identical Twins may not be as genetically similar as hitherto assumed. Though only a couple of hundred mutations take place during early fetal development, the mutations likely multiply over the years, leading to vast genetic differences. This leaves open the possibility that psychopathic traits are largely genetically determined. (Berit Brogaard, 2012) If psychopathy is genetically determined, one should expect some abnormality in the brain, the immediate source of psychopathic traits. A possible candidate for this abnormality has recently been identified in a study at The University of Wisconsin, Madison. That brain scans revealed that psychopathy in criminals was associated with decreased connectivity between the amygdala, a subcortical structure of the brain that processes negative stimuli, and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, a cortical region in the front of the brain that interprets the response from the amygdala. When the connectivity between these two regions is low, processing of negative stimuli in the amygdala does not translate into any strongly felt negative emotions. This fits well into the picture we have of psychopaths. They do not feel nervous or embarrassed when they are caught doing something bad. They do not feel sad when other people suffer. Though they feel physical pain, they are not themselves in a positi on to suffer from emotions hurts. The Wisconsin, Madison study shows a correlation between criminal psychopathy and brain abnormality. As this brain abnormality in the majority of cases of psychopathic criminals is not abruptly acquired, there is good reason to think that its grounded in the psychopaths DNA. (Berit Brogaard, 2012) VIOLENT psychopath (21,700). Psychopathic serial killer (14,700). Psychopathic murderer (12,500). Deranged psychopath (1,050). When you see the numbers listed above, it really makes you think WOW there are that many people that are psychotic in the world. Psychopaths are overrepresented in prisons; studies indicate that about 25 percent of inmates meet diagnostic criteria for psychopathy. Nevertheless, research also suggests that a sizable number of psychopaths may be walking among us in everyday life. Some investigators have even speculated that successful psychopaths†those who attain prominent positions in society†may be overrepresented in certain occupations, such as politics, business and entertainment. Yet the scientific evidence for this intriguing conjecture is preliminary. (Scott Lilienfeld and Hal Arkowitz, 2007) Are serial killers born a Psychopathic or pushed to being a killer? Anyone that can commit a gruesome crime out of anger, revenge, or pleasure is a Psychopath. I came to realize that we might never know if a psychopathic is genetically inherited or caused from the way a person grows up. I believe in some case one outweighs the other as stated above that when The University of Wisconsin, Madison. That brain scans revealed that psychopathy in criminals was associated with decreased connectivity between the amygdala, a subcortical structure of the brain that processes negative stimuli, and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, a cortical region in the front of the brain that interprets the response from the amygdala. (Berit Brogaard, 2012). Almost every single serial killer that has been caught admit to torturing animals before there notorious killing sprees such as Brenda Ann Spencer and Jeffery Dahmer as well as admitted that that is what made them realize they enjoy the feeling of killing something. Most serial killers also admit to having a rough and neglectful life before they reach these levels of becoming a killer. So, in my conclusion I feel that there is no right or wrong answer when it comes to are you born a psychopath or pushed to that level. Because it has been proven to be both ways because not everyone is born with a disorder some just happen to have things leading up to it.

Essay about Cipla 2011, Harvard Business Case, March 27, 2012

Cipla 2011, Harvard Business Case, March 27, 2012 1 °) Since AIDS was identified in 1982, various entities have been aiming at limiting the expansion of the pandemic. However each of these entities has had a different role and thus different results: * The World Health Organization has had a critical role through the coordination of the different actors involved. It has obtained significant results in terms of treatments coverage in the last few years. Its action has been completed by the UNAIDS recently; * Cipla has developed a unique business model and has made AIDS treatments affordable for almost anyone (1$/day with â€Å"Triomune†) by focusing on both humanitarian and financial targets (break-even). For example, Cipla has†¦show more content†¦Its success is based on the fact that it can quickly reproduce big pharma’s patented medicines as soon as the patents expire. Cipla manages to cut Ramp;D costs (4% in 2009) and to make significant profits by capitalizing on relatively Indian cheap manpower costs an d easy access to raw materials. Cipla also gets a competitive advantage by developing new delivery systems to make patients’ life easier. To finish, Cipla has acquired a good reputation among politicians from developing countries and NGO willing to spread treatments broadly. However, Cipla’s business model is now called into question by the TRIPS. They can no longer rely on the reproduction of patented drugs in India as big pharma’s patents are now protected for 20 years. They also suffer from competition in India as western companies have started to deal with Indian doctors (Cipla’s â€Å"backbone†). Cipla’s focus on emerging markets could also be threatened by western companies as they can sell old products at low prices in these countries. This is reinforced by the fact that Cipla’s brand awareness is quite low in emerging economies. Last but not least, Cipla has to spend much money in courts to suit Big pharma which anyway don’t seem likely to collaborate with it to manufacture drugs. 3 °) Cipla’s business practices could be first seen as an unfair competition as they capitalized on their competitors’ knowledge. Big pharma had indeed invested dramatically to develop andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Walmart16417 Words   |  66 Pageschains of large discount department stores and warehouse stores. The company is the worlds third largest public corporation, according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2012, the biggest private employer in the world with over two million employees, and is the largest retailer in the world. Walmart remains a family-owned business, as the company is controlled by the Walton family, who own a 48 percent stake in Walmart.[5][6] It is also one of the worlds most valuable companies.[7] The company was

Indigenous Education and Perspectives for Race - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theIndigenous Education and Perspectivesfor Race Ethnicity. Answer: The two articles All the facts must be taught about Australias history by Nyunggai Warren Mundine and Get over it, its 200 years ago': Anger over uni's guidelines for teaching Australian history by Nicholas McCallum. Present different perspectives on how the Australian history should be taught and passed to the current and the future generation. Mr. Nyunggai Warren Mundine in his article argues that Australian history should be taught in schools without the use of politically correct language (Nyunggai, 2016). A term such as "invasion" should be not be substituted for a word such as to settle. The conviction illumines such argument that Australia was invaded by the British colonizers, who assumed that native people did not have private ownership of land and were deprived of structured society or any recognizable legal or civic system. In addition, Warren view history as incontrovertible and as such it should not be edited to fit any agenda. Consequently, it should be inclusive of bot h European and Indigenous perspectives assessing the contribution of each in the building of the modern Australia (Nyunggai, 2016). Conversely, Mr. Nicholas McCallum in his article approaches the concept of Australian history from the point of indifference. In the article, he does more of reporting others viewpoints about how the history should be viewed than giving his thought on how history should be taught. He quotes a radio personality who thinks that explaining the historical facts as they were would divide the society. He further includes the view of Alan Jones who believes that the use of politically incorrect language would result in conflict (McCallum, 2016). The two articles thus differ significantly in that, Mr. Nyunggais article presents a well-articulated position on how history should be taught while Mr. McCallum offers scanty quotes of others view regarding Australian history. In addition, Nyunggais article advocates scrutiny of both Indigenous and European historical perspectives while McCallum article lacks any significant contribution regarding how Australian history should be approached. Media as a powerful instrument through which information is disseminated effects how Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders families and communities perceive their experience (Bullimore, 1999). Stereotypical portrayal and representation of the indigenous people by the media inculcate the sense of low self-esteem in the children of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders communities. Similarly, such a portrayal make the community feel guilty of its experience thus evoking ravage sentiments. Furthermore, media affects how the families pass values to the next generations and the self-perception they form of themselves (Stoneham, Goodman, Daube, 2014). In conclusion, Mr. Warren Mundine approach in teaching Australian history should be adopted in the education system. Adoption of such a system would allow the Australian natives develop an appreciation of their cultural identity as well as acknowledge the contributions of the European culture in the formation of the modern Australia. It will further lead to the creation of a cohesive society which is founded on mutual understanding and respect. Cultural identity is one of the ideal values any cultural tradition can pass to its generation. As a consequence, preservation of culture has been a critical part of humanity ever since the commencement of time. The passing of traditional and cultural ideas keeps the current generations connected to the spirits of their ancestors. Although different cultures utilize various customs to construct their identity, some believe that mother tongue is the most crucial in the formation of the cultural identity (Bodkin-Andrews, Carlson, 2016). In Australia cultural identity of the indigenous people has been interfered with since 1788 when the colonizers invaded Australia. As a result, of the invaders, the identities and cultures of the indigenous population have been eroded. Similarly, the attempt to construct the indigenous and non-indigenous cultural identities has faced numerous obstacles. The objective of the essay, therefore, is to analyze the elements which hinder the construction of t he indigenous and non-indigenous cultural identities in Australia. Media is a powerful tool for disseminating information to the society as well as forming a picture of the society in question. As such, media has the power to create a harmonious relationship between communities with varied cultural identities or antagonism. The core determinant is how it portrays the one society to the other. In Australia media has portrayed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders as submissive, passive, primitive, devious, and violent people who have no culture; thus, inferior to the white invaders or non-indigenous people. Therefore, media forms the core element that hinders the reconstruction of the indigenous and non-indigenous cultural identities in Australia (Gray Beresford, 2008). It is indisputable that, dense history of offensive, racist, and distorted representation has marked the lives of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders in the Australia. However, the prevalent stereotypical portrayal and representation have minimized. It is thus prudent to argu e that media is responsible for promoting and perpetuation of harmful stereotypes which lead to conflicts, ignorance, and insensitivity between the indigenous and the non-indigenous people. In Australia media has adopted the use of politically correct language such as referring to the European invaders as settlers (Koerner, 2015). This is a clear indication that Australian media is dependent on the contributions of the white elite actors and organizations who wish to evaluate and interpret historical events within their ideologies. As a consequence, the voice of the indigenous people is portrayed as less credible. Media fails to describe the white invasion and forceful removal of the indigenous people from their native land as a gross violation of human rights. Such attack was intended to merge, absorb or assimilate the indigenous cultural identity of the natives, hence, make them cease as a distinct group of people. The white elites appear ethically neutral when giving their interpretation and evaluation of the historical events while the aim is to guard their interests. Furthermore, their voices are often defended by some politicians, academics, and lawyers who are sh areholders in their interests (Norquay Drozdzewski, 2017). The impact of the media representation and portrayal of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders in the media has a very grave impact on children, teachers, and the teaching profession. Psychology demonstrates that self-esteem, values, and attitudes are well assimilated during the teen years and at times earlier. Hence, what children pick from the media is integrated and aids them to form values, opinions, and attitudes toward others and of themselves within a society (Meadows, 2004). The portrayal and the representation of the Aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islanders as submissive, passive, primitive, devious, and violent people who have no culture and thus inferior to the white invaders or non-indigenous people make the non-indigenous children to form a negative picture of the indigenous people. Similarly, when young indigenous people see themselves portrayed and represented as submissive, passive, primitive, devious, and violent people who have no culture and thus inferior to the white invaders or to non-indigenous people they develop low self-esteem. Media thus must learn to affirm the value of the indigenous people, because contrary affirms that the natives are unimportant. Such portrayal makes the children to be alienated and develop a sense of helplessness and lack of control (Holmes Julian, 2014). A teachers attitude towards a subject determines how he/she delivers the content of the subject to the student. Hence, a biased teacher is likely to deliver distorted and half-truths to his/her students. In Australia, a teacher is allowed to decide what teach him /her judge to be of interest and choose to what depth to teach (Sarra, 2011). Therefore, a teacher who is non-native or who has been influenced by the media lacks the authentic understanding of the Aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islanders. Similarly, the stereotypical media influences have penetrated into how teachers are trained. Few teachers are adequately trained on the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders culture. Consequently, only a handful portion of teachers who have the skills to challenge the colonial and the media stereotypes which have become engraved in Australians attitudes and values. Teachers who are competent in the indigenous cultures are thus a necessity in challenging student who has inculcated coloni al values to enable them to achieve a cultural identity of their own. In conclusion, it is unfortunate that many stereotypes about the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders had their origin in 1788 when Australia was invaded by the Europeans, who perceived the indigenous people as inferior. More disturbing is the fact that, 200 years after the invasion these stereotypical ideas exist and propagated by both Australian and foreign media. It is sad to note that, though schools are the best avenues to challenge these stereotypes they lack the necessary resources. Especially the human resource with required quality skills to inculcate Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders history, content, and culture to learners using the contemporary issues. Adequate preparation of teachers will see education become a crucial player in enhancing the balanced view of both indigenous and non-indigenous values thus promoting reconciliation. Creation of a civil society demands mutual respect from people of different cultural backgrounds. Such a mutual respect is thus vital in a multicultural country like Australia. Therefore, media and school system must be at the forefront in recognizing the importance of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders cultures. References Bodkin-Andrews, G., Carlson, B. (2016). The legacy of racism and Indigenous Australian Identity within education. Race Ethnicity and Education, 19(4), 784-807. Bullimore, K. (1999). Media dreaming: Representation of aboriginality in modern Australianmedia. Asia Pacific Media Educator, 1(6), 7. Gray, J., Beresford, Q. (2008). A formidable challenge: Australia's quest for equity in Indigenous education. Australian Journal of Education, 52(2), 197-223. Holmes, D., Hughes, K., Julian, R. (2014). Australian sociology. Pearson Australia. Jang, H. S. (2015). Social identities of young indigenous people in contemporary Australia: Neo-colonial north, Yarrabah. Springer. Koerner, C. (2015). White Australian identities and Indigenous land rights. Social Identities,21(2), 87-101. McCallum N. (2016). Get over it; it's 200 years ago': Anger over uni's guidelines for teachingAustralian history. The Yahoo Mail. Meadows, M. (2004). Media images of Indigenous affairs in Australia. Outer limits: A reader incommunication across cultures, 273-289. Norquay, M., Drozdzewski, D. (2017). Stereotyping the Shire: Assigning White Privilege toPlace and Identity. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 38(1), 88-107. Nyunggai, W. (2016). All the facts must be taught about Australias history. The Koor Mail. Sarra, G. (2011). Indigenous studies in all schools. International Journal of Inclusive Education,15(6), 611-625. Stoneham, M., Goodman, J., Daube, M. (2014). The portrayal of Indigenous health in selected Australian media. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 5(1), 1-13.